ObjectiveTo update the evidence published in a previous systematic review and meta-analysis that compared the effect of breastfeeding on risk of coeliac disease (CD).Material and methodsA systematic review of observational studies published between 1966 and May 2004 on the subject was conducted in 2005. This update is a systematic review of observational studies published between June 2004 and April 2011. Pubmed, EMBASE and Cinahl were searched for published studies that examined the association between breastfeeding and CD.ResultsAfter duplicates were removed 90 citations were screened. Four observational studies were included in the review. Two of three studies which had examined the duration of breastfeeding and CD reported significant associations between longer duration of breastfeeding and later onset of CD (OR ranged from 0.18 to 0.665). Breastfeeding during the introduction of gluten to the infant was reported to have a protective effect in two studies.ConclusionsOur findings support previous published findings that breastfeeding seems to offer a protection against the development of CD in predisposed infants. Breastfeeding at time of gluten introduction is the most significant variable in reducing the risk. Timing of gluten introduction may also be a factor in the development of CD.

The improvement of living standards has led to increases in the prevalence of hypokinetic diseases. In particular, multifactorial complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, are becoming more prevalent. Currently, developing effective methods to combat or prevent metabolic syndrome is of critical public health importance. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the existing literature regarding the effects of Wuqinxi exercise on reducing risk factors related to metabolic syndrome.Both English- and Chinese-language databases were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of Wuqinxi on these outcomes. Meanwhile, we extracted usable data for computing pooled effect size estimates, along with the random-effects model.The synthesized results showed positive effects of Wuqinxi exercise on systolic blood pressure (SBP,= 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.85,<0.001,= 24.06%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP,= 0.62, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.00,<0.001,= 61.28%), total plasma cholesterol (TC,= 0.88, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.36,<0.001,= 78.71%), triglyceride (TG,= 0.87, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.24,<0.001,= 67.22%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C,= 1.24, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.72,<0.001,= 78.27%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL,= 0.95, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.46,<0.001,= 82.27%). In addition, regression results showed that longer-duration Wuqinxi intervention significantly improved DBP (= 0.00016,= 5.72, df = 1,= 0.02), TC (= -0.00010,= 9.03, df = 1,= 0.01), TG (= 0.00012,= 6.23, df = 1,= 0.01), and LDL (= 0.00011,= 5.52, df = 1,= 0.02).Wuqinxi may be an effective intervention to alleviate the cardiovascular disease risk factors of metabolic syndrome.