CYBERMED LIFE - ORGANIC  & NATURAL LIVING

Cybermedlife - Therapeutic Actions Exercise Cycling

Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature.

Abstract Title: Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. Abstract Source: J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Jan 22. Epub 2020 Jan 22. PMID: 31977835 Abstract Author(s): Adam M Gonzalez, Eric T Trexler Article Affiliation: Adam M Gonzalez Abstract: Gonzalez, AM and Trexler, ET. Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: A review of the current literature. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-L-citrulline, a nonessential amino acid found primarily in watermelon, has recently garnered much attention for its potential to augment L-arginine bioavailability, nitric oxide production, and exercise performance. Over the past decade, L-citrulline has received considerable scientific attention examining potentially ergogenic properties for both aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Thus, the purpose of this article is to summarize the theoretical rationale behind L-citrulline supplementation and to comprehensively review the available scientific evidence assessing the potential ergogenic value of L-citrulline supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance in humans. In addition, research that has investigated the potential synergistic effects of L-citrulline with other dietary ingredients (e.g., arginine, antioxidants, nitrates, and branched-chain amino acids) is reviewed. Oral L-citrulline and citrulline malate supplementation have shown to increase plasma citrulline and arginine concentrations, along with total nitrate and nitrite concentrations. Although blood flow enhancement is a proposed mechanism for the ergogenic potential of L-citrulline, evidence supporting acute improvements in vasodilation and skeletal muscle tissue perfusion after supplementation is scarce and inconsistent. Nevertheless, several studies have reported that L-citrulline supplementation can enhance exercise performance and recovery. Given the positive effects observed from some investigations, future studies should continue to investigate the effects of both acute and chronic supplementation with L-citrulline and citrulline malate on markers of blood flow and exercise performance and should seek to elucidate the mechanism underlying such effects. Article Published Date : Jan 21, 2020

Is mode of transport to work associated with mortality in the working-age population? Repeated census-cohort studies in New Zealand 1996, 2001 and 2006.

Abstract Title: Is mode of transport to work associated with mortality in the working-age population? Repeated census-cohort studies in New Zealand 1996, 2001 and 2006. Abstract Source: Int J Epidemiol. 2020 Jan 13. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31930316 Abstract Author(s): Caroline Shaw, Tony Blakely, June Atkinson, Alistair Woodward Article Affiliation: Caroline Shaw Abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing active transport is proposed as a means to address both health and environmental issues. However, the associations between specific modes, such as cycling, walking and public transport, and health outcomes remain unclear. We examined the association between mode of travel to work and mortality. METHODS: Cohort studies of the entire New Zealand working population were created using 1996, 2001 and 2006 censuses linked to mortality data. Mode of travel to work was that reported on census day, and causes of death examined were ischaemic heart disease and injury. Main analyses were Poisson regression models adjusted for socio-demographics. Sensitivity analyses included: additional adjustment for smoking in the 1996 and 2006 cohorts, and bias analysis about non-differential misclassification of cycling vs car use. RESULTS: Walking (5%) and cycling (3%) to work were uncommon. Compared with people reporting using motor vehicles to travel to work, those cycling had a reduced all-cause mortality (ACM) in the socio-demographic adjusted models RR 0.87 (0.77-0.98). Those walking (0.97, 0.90-1.04) and taking public transport (0.96, 0.88-1.05) had no substantive difference in ACM. No mode of transport was associated with detectable statistically significant reductions in cause-specific mortality. Sensitivity analyses found weaker associations when adjusting for smoking and stronger associations correcting for likely non-differential misclassification of cycling. CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study supports an association between cycling to work and reduced ACM, but found no association for walking or public-transport use and imprecise cause-specific mortality patterns. Article Published Date : Jan 12, 2020

Cycle Training improves vascular function and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Title: Cycle Training improves vascular function and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: Exp Gerontol. 2019 Dec 31 ;131:110799. Epub 2019 Dec 31. PMID: 31899340 Abstract Author(s): Farhad Gholami, Hamieh Nazari, Milad Alimi Article Affiliation: Farhad Gholami Abstract: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is associated with peripheral arterial disease and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the effect of exercise training on the measures of superficial femoral artery (SFA) and neuropathic symptoms in patients with DPN. In a randomized-controlled trial, 31 volunteers with established DPN were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. Experimental group performed cycling exercise training (50%-70% of heart rate reserve, 30-45 min, 3 sessions/week) over 12 weeks. Before and 48 h after the experimental period a 5-min flow mediated dilation (FMD) response in SFA using Color Doppler Ultrasonography, fasting glucose level, HbA1c and neuropathic score were assessed. FMD% significantly increased in the experimental group (from 3.2 ± 1.1% to 5.7 ± 1.2%) compared to the control condition (P = 0.0001). However, no significant alteration occurred in baseline membrane diameter and intima media thickness (P > 0.05). We also observed a significant improvement in fasting glucose, HbA1c and Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS) following exercise intervention (all P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that the change in MDNS was significantly associated with the change in HbA1c (R Square = 0.34, standardized coefficients Beta = -0.58, P = .001) and FMD (R Square = 0.37, standardized coefficients Beta = 0.61, P = .001). This finding may beclinically of considerable importance as metabolic and vascular factors have been indicated to be involved in the development of DPN. Article Published Date : Dec 30, 2019

Mixed Flavonoid Supplementation Attenuates Postexercise Plasma Levels of 4-Hydroxynonenal and Protein Carbonyls in Endurance Athletes.

Abstract Title: Mixed Flavonoid Supplementation Attenuates Postexercise Plasma Levels of 4-Hydroxynonenal and Protein Carbonyls in Endurance Athletes. Abstract Source: Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Nov 21:1-8. Epub 2019 Nov 21. PMID: 31754080 Abstract Author(s): David C Nieman, Giuseppe Valacchi, Laurel M Wentz, Francesca Ferrara, Alessandra Pecorelli, Brittany Woodby, Camila A Sakaguchi, Andrew Simonson Article Affiliation: David C Nieman Abstract: This double-blinded, placebo controlled, randomized crossover trial investigated the influence of 2-week mixed flavonoid versus placebo supplementation on oxinflammation markers after a 75-km cycling time trial in 22 cyclists (42.3± 1.7 years). Blood samples were collected before and after the 2-week supplementation, and then 0 hr, 1.5 hr, and 21 hr post 75-km cycling (176 ± 5.4 min, 73.4 ±2.0% maximal oxygen consumption). The supplement provided 678-mg flavonoids with quercetin (200 mg), green tea catechins (368 mg, 180-mg epigallocatechin gallate), and anthocyanins (128 mg) from bilberry extract, with caffeine, vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids added as adjuvants. Blood samples were analyzed for blood leukocyte counts, oxinflammation biomarkers, including 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyls, and peripheralblood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and glutathione peroxidase. Each of the blood biomarkers was elevated postexercise (time effects, all ps<.01), with lower plasma levels for 4-hydroxynonenal (at 21-hr postexercise) in flavonoid versus placebo (interaction effect, p = .008). Although elevated postexercise, no trial differences for the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = .539) or peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 (p = .322) or glutathione peroxidase (p = .839) were shown. Flavonoid supplementation prior to intensive exercise decreased plasma peroxidation and oxidative damage, as determined by 4-hydroxynonenal. Postexercise increases were similar between the flavonoid and placebo trials for peripheral blood mononuclear mRNA expression for cyclooxygenease-2 and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 related gene glutathione peroxidase (NFE2L2). The data support the strategy of flavonoid supplementation to mitigate postexercise oxidative stress in endurance athletes. Article Published Date : Nov 20, 2019

Outdoor cycling improves clinical symptoms, cognition and objectively measured physical activity in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Title: Outdoor cycling improves clinical symptoms, cognition and objectively measured physical activity in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: J Psychiatr Res. 2019 Oct 21 ;120:144-153. Epub 2019 Oct 21. PMID: 31678749 Abstract Author(s): Jehkwang Ryu, Jae Hoon Jung, Jiheon Kim, Chan-Hyung Kim, Hwa-Bock Lee, Do-Hoon Kim, Sang-Kyu Lee, Ji-Hyeon Shin, Daeyoung Roh Article Affiliation: Jehkwang Ryu Abstract: PURPOSE: The therapeutic effects of outdoor cycling (OC) and its benefits on physical activity (PA) were investigated in people with schizophrenia. METHODS: Sixty patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to 16-weeks of Outdoor Cycling (OC) (n = 30, 50% male; mean age, 38.7 ± 10.1) or Occupational Therapy (OT) (n = 30, 50% male; mean age, 39.0 ± 8.6). OC and OT involved one 90-min group session per week. OC consisted of structured exercise programs and OT addressed daily living skills. Primary outcome measurements weremental health variables, such as Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning and executive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST). Secondary measures were the adherence and PA. PAwas measured by responding to the Physical Activity Scale (K-PASE) and wearing a pedometer for 2 days. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed improved psychotic symptoms (p = .014), depression (p = .007), state (p = .031) and trait anxiety (p = .002) and global functions (p = .024) in the OC group compared with OT group. The OC group showed increased correct rates (p = .022) and categories completed (p = .033) in the WCST. There was no difference in total K-PASE score between groups; however, there was a significant improvement in the number of daily steps in the OC group compared with the OT group (p = .030). CONCLUSION: OC significantly improved mental health and executive function in individuals with schizophrenia. Further, OC significantly increased PA measured by the pedometers. These findings suggest that OC offers a safe and attrition-lowering intervention promoting mental health and PA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: cris.nih.go.kr identifier: KCT-0000873. Article Published Date : Oct 20, 2019

Bicycle exercise training improves ambulation in patients with peripheral artery disease📎

Abstract Title: Bicycle exercise training improves ambulation in patients with peripheral artery disease. Abstract Source: J Vasc Surg. 2019 Sep 5. Epub 2019 Sep 5. PMID: 31495679 Abstract Author(s): Makoto Haga, Katsuyuki Hoshina, Hiroyuki Koyama, Tetsuro Miyata, Yosuke Ikegami, Akihiko Murai, Yoshihiko Nakamura Article Affiliation: Makoto Haga Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Exercise training has multiple beneficial effects in patients with arteriosclerotic diseases; however, the exact underlying mechanisms of the effects are not completely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a supervised exercise program in improving gait parameters, including the variability and walking performance of lower limb movements, in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication (IC). METHODS: Sixteen patients with a history of PAD and IC were recruited for this study, and they completed a 3-month supervised bicycle exercise program. The ankle-brachial index and responses to quality of life (QOL) questionnaires were evaluated. Near-infrared spectroscopy was also performed to determine the hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the calf. Patients' kinematics and dynamics, including joint range of motion and muscle tension, were evaluated using an optical motion capture system. Computed tomography images of each muscle were assessed by manual outlining. Data were collected before and after the supervised bicycle exercise program, and differences were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant differences were not found in step length, ankle-brachial index, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation before and after the supervised bicycle exercise program; however, IC distance (P = .034), maximum walking distance (P = .006), and all QOL questionnaire scores (P <.001) showed significant improvement. Hip range of motion (P = .035), maximum hip joint torque (right, P = .031; left, P = .044), maximum tension of the gluteus maximus muscle (right, P = .044; left, P = .042), and maximum hip joint work (right, P = .048; left, P = .043) also significantly decreased bilaterally. Computed tomography images showed a significant increase in the cross-sectional area of the abdominal, trunk, and thigh muscles but not in that of the lower leg muscles after the supervised exercise program intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, bicycle exercise training improved the QOL and walking distance and decreased hip movement. The results showed that bicycling might be as useful as walking in patients with PAD. Article Published Date : Sep 04, 2019

Health Benefits of Indoor Cycling: A Systematic Review📎

Abstract Title: Health Benefits of Indoor Cycling: A Systematic Review. Abstract Source: Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Aug 8 ;55(8). Epub 2019 Aug 8. PMID: 31443139 Abstract Author(s): Manuel Chavarrias, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Jorge Pérez-Gómez Article Affiliation: Manuel Chavarrias Abstract: Indoor cycling is one of the most practiced activities in fitness centers for most people regardless of their physical conditioning level. Several studies have analyzed the effect of indoor cycling on several parameters related to health, such as maximal oxygen consumption, blood pressure, body composition, as well as biochemical markers such as HDL or LDL. However, no study has synthesized all health benefits associated with the indoor cycling practice in the form of a systematic review and established guidelines or recommendations. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript was to conduct a systematic review of published studies about the benefits of indoor cycling training and to establish recommendations for coaches, researchers, and practitioners.The PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct the current systematic review. A systematic search was performed to retrieve relevant published articles until January 2019 using the following keywords: 'indoor cycling', 'indoor bicycle', and 'spinning exercise'. Information about participants, intervention, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) was extracted.A total of 300 studies were initially identified. After the revision process, 13 of them were included. The total sample size of the studies was 372 (306 women). Results revealed that indoor cycling may improve aerobic capacity, blood pressure, lipid profile, and body composition. These enhancements may be achieved as standalone intervention or combined with other physical exercises or diet.The combination of indoor cycling and diet is recommended to improve the lipid profile, lose weight, and reduce blood pressure. Furthermore, indoor cycling alone may also enhance aerobic capacity. Given the lack of randomized controlled trials, these conclusions should be taken with caution. Article Published Date : Aug 07, 2019

The Effect of Cycling Through a Projection-Based Virtual Environment System on Generalized Anxiety Disorder📎

Abstract Title: The Effect of Cycling Through a Projection-Based Virtual Environment System on Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Abstract Source: J Clin Med. 2019 Jul 4 ;8(7). Epub 2019 Jul 4. PMID: 31277466 Abstract Author(s): Tsai-Chiao Wang, Chia-Liang Tsai, Ta-Wei Tang, Wei-Li Wang, Kuan-Ting Lee Article Affiliation: Tsai-Chiao Wang Abstract: Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to help clinical medicine manage generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, patients with GAD who use traditional head-mounted VR to cycle may cause them to feel motion sickness and fatigue. To solve this problem, a projection-based virtual environment (VE) system was built to provide GAD patients with a sense of immersion while they are cycling. This projection-based VE system allows patients with GAD to interact with the virtual environment and produce experiences similar to cycling in the outdoors. Sixty GAD patients met several screening criteria and were selected as participants. All participants were randomly assigned to one of the two 20-min conditions: (1) Observing watercolor paintings projected by the projector while engaged in cycling with a stationary bicycle; or (2) observing the scenes (i.e., forest or park) projected by the VE system and engaging in cycling with a stationary bicycle. Finally, this study confirmed that patients with GAD in the projection-based VE group exhibited higher alpha values and lower galvanic skin responses (GSR) after cycling than those cycling in the control group. These results showed that cycling in the projection-based VE group allowed the patient with GAD to achieve higher exercise intensity and lower perceived emotional stress. Article Published Date : Jul 03, 2019

Cycling is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases and death: Part 1 - systematic review of cohort studies with meta-analysis.

Abstract Title: Cycling is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases and death: Part 1 - systematic review of cohort studies with meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Br J Sports Med. 2019 Jul ;53(14):870-878. Epub 2019 May 31. PMID: 31151937 Abstract Author(s): Solveig Nordengen, Lars Bo Andersen, Ane K Solbraa, Amund Riiser Article Affiliation: Solveig Nordengen Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cycling as a physical activity holds great potential to prevent CVD. We aimed to determine whether cycling reduces the risk of CVD and CVD risk factors and to investigate potential dose-response relationships. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: We searched four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Scopus). All quantitative studies, published until August 2017, were included when a general population was investigated, cycling was assessed either in total or as a transportation mode, and CVD incidence, mortality or risk factors were reported. Studies were excluded when they reported continuous outcomes or when cycling and walking were combined in them. We pooled adjusted relative risks (RR) and OR. Heterogeneity was investigated using I. RESULTS: The search yielded 5174 studies; 21 studies which included 1,069,034 individuals. We found a significantly lower association in combined CVD incidence, mortality and physiological risk factors with total effect estimate 0.78 (95% CI (CI): 0.74-0.82; P<0.001; I=58%). Separate analyses for CVD incidence, mortality and risk factors showed estimates of RR 0.84 (CI, 0.80 to 0.88; P<0.001; I=29%), RR 0.83 (CI, 0.76 to 0.90; P<0.001; I=0%), and OR 0.75 (CI, 0.69 to 0.82; P<0.001; I=66%), respectively. We found no dose-response relationship or sex-specific difference. CONCLUSIONS: Any form of cycling seems to be associated with lower CVD risk, and thus, we recommend cycling as a health-enhancing physical activity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Prospero CRD42016052421. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2019

Cycling and cardiovascular disease risk factors including body composition, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness analysed as continuous variables: Part 2-systematic review with meta-analysis.

Abstract Title: Cycling and cardiovascular disease risk factors including body composition, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness analysed as continuous variables: Part 2-systematic review with meta-analysis. Abstract Source: Br J Sports Med. 2019 Jul ;53(14):879-885. Epub 2019 May 31. PMID: 31151938 Abstract Author(s): Solveig Nordengen, Lars Bo Andersen, Ane K Solbraa, Amund Riiser Article Affiliation: Solveig Nordengen Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the relationship between cycling (particularly commuter cycling) and risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including body composition, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness. This study differed from our recent (Part 1) systematic review in that risk factors for CVD were analysed as continuous variables rather than being present or absent. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We searched four databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Scopus). All quantitative studies, published until August 2017, were included when a general population was investigated, cycling was assessed either in total or as a transportation mode, and CVD risk factors were reported. METHODS: We analysed body composition, physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), blood lipids and blood pressure (BP). Skinfold, waist circumference and body mass index were analysed and prioritised in that order when more than one measure were available. PA included measures of counts per minutes, moderate-to-vigorous PA or minutes per week. CRF included results of maximal tests with or without expired air or submaximal test. For blood lipids and BP, separate analyses were run for low-density and high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, systolic BP and diastolic BP. Studies were excluded when reporting dichotomous outcomes or when cycling and walking were combined. Heterogeneity was investigated using I. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included; the majority reported commuter cycling. In total, we included 5775 cyclists and 39 273 non-cyclists. Cyclists had more favourable risk factor levels in body composition -0.08 (95% CI -0.13 to -0.04), PA 0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.20), CRF 0.28 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.35) and blood lipids compared with non-cyclists. There was no sex difference in risk reduction. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATION: Cycling mitigated the risk factor profile for CVD. A strength of this systematic review is that all the risk factors were analysed as continuous variables. These data provide evidence for practitioners, stakeholders, policy-makers and city planners to accommodate and promote cycling. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016052421. Article Published Date : Jun 30, 2019

Pomegranate Extract Improves Maximal Performance of Trained Cyclists after an Exhausting Endurance Trial: A Randomised Controlled Trial📎

Abstract Title: Pomegranate Extract Improves Maximal Performance of Trained Cyclists after an Exhausting Endurance Trial: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Abstract Source: Nutrients. 2019 Mar 28 ;11(4). Epub 2019 Mar 28. PMID: 30925733 Abstract Author(s): Antonio Torregrosa-García, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Antonio J Luque-Rubia, María Salud Abellán-Ruiz, María Querol-Calderón, F Javier López-Román Article Affiliation: Antonio Torregrosa-García Abstract: The efficacy of pomegranate () extract (PE) for improving performance and post-exercise recovery in an active population was equivocal in previous studies. In this study, a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, balanced, cross-over trial with two arms was conducted. Eligibility criteria for participants were as follows: male, amateur cyclist, with a training routine of 2 to 4 sessions per week (at least one hour per session). The cyclists (= 26) were divided into treatment (PE) and placebo (PLA) groups for a period of 15 days. After physical tests, the groups were exchanged after a 14-day washout period. Exercise tests consisted of endurance bouts (square-wave endurance exercise test followed by an incremental exercise test to exhaustion) and an eccentric exercise drill. The objective was to assess the efficacy of PE in performance outcomes and post-exercise muscular recovery and force restoration after a prolonged submaximal effort. Twenty-six participants were included for statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in total time to exhaustion (TTE)(17.66⁻170.94 s,<0.02) and the time to reach ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)(26.98⁻82.55 s,<0.001), with greater values for the PE compared to the PLA group. No significant results were obtained for force restoration in the isokinetic unilateral low limb test. PE, after a prolonged submaximal effort, may be effective in improving performance outcomes at maximal effort and might help to restore force in the damaged muscles. Article Published Date : Mar 27, 2019

Ergometer cycling improves the ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness of stroke patients-a randomized controlled trial📎

Abstract Title: Ergometer cycling improves the ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness of stroke patients-a randomized controlled trial. Abstract Source: J Phys Ther Sci. 2019 Mar ;31(3):211-216. Epub 2019 Mar 19. PMID: 30936633 Abstract Author(s): Ernest Kwesi Ofori, Emmanuel Frimpong, Adeolu Ademiluyi, Olajide Ayinla Olawale Article Affiliation: Ernest Kwesi Ofori Abstract: [Purpose] The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ergometer cycling on the ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness of patients with stroke in the sub-acute phase. [Participants and Methods] Twenty (20) patients with stroke in the sub-acute phase were randomly allocated to either an ergometer cycling group (n=10) or a control group (n=10). The experimental (ergometer cycling) group performed cycling exercises in addition to conventional physiotherapy for 60 minutes per session, three times per week for 8 weeks. The control group only received conventional physiotherapy for the same duration as the experimental group. Assessments of participants' functional ambulatory category, ambulatory velocity, 6-minute walk test, heart rate and blood pressure were conducted at baseline and at the end of the 8-week intervention. [Results] The means of the ambulatory velocity and distance walked in 6 minutes were significantly higher in the ergometer cycling group than those of the control group at week 8. However, the increase in the FAC score was not significant. The means of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures significantly decreased in the ergometer cycling group compared to the control group at the end of the 8-week of intervention. [Conclusion] This study demonstrated that ergometer cycling improved the ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness of patients with stroke in the sub-acute phase. Article Published Date : Feb 28, 2019

The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults📎

Abstract Title: The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults. Abstract Source: PLoS One. 2019 ;14(2):e0211779. Epub 2019 Feb 20. PMID: 30785893 Abstract Author(s): Louise-Ann Leyland, Ben Spencer, Nick Beale, Tim Jones, Carien M van Reekum Article Affiliation: Louise-Ann Leyland Abstract: It has been demonstrated that, on their own, both exercise and stimulation from the environment can improve cognitive function and well-being in older adults. The combined effect of exercising in the outdoor environment on psychological function is less well studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an outdoor cycling intervention on cognitive function and mental health and well-being in older adults. A total of 100 older adults took part in the study (aged 50-83), 26 of which were non-cycling controls, 36 were conventional pedal cyclists and 38 were participants using an e-bike (a bike fitted with an electric motor to provide assistance with pedaling), as part of a larger project (www.cycleboom.org). Participants took part in the study for an eight-week period, with cycling participants required to cycle at least three times a week for thirty minutes in duration for each cycle ride. Cognitive function and well-being were measured before and after the intervention period. For executive function, namely inhibition (the Stroop task) and updating (Letter Updating Task), both cycling groups improved in accuracy after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. E-bike participants also improved in processing speed (reaction times in go trials of the Stop-It task) after the intervention compared to non-cycling control participants. Finally, e-bike participants improved in their mental health score after the intervention compared to non-cycling controls as measured by the SF-36. This suggests that there may be an impact of exercising in the environment on executive function and mental health. Importantly, we showed a similar (sometimes larger) effect for the e-bike group compared to the pedal cyclists. This suggests that it is not just the physical activity component of cycling that is having an influence. Both pedal cycles and e-bikes can enable increased physical activity and engagement with the outdoor environment with e-bikes potentially providing greater benefits. Article Published Date : Dec 31, 2018

Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Performance and Fatigue in a 30-s All-Out Sprint Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study📎

Abstract Title: Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Performance and Fatigue in a 30-s All-Out Sprint Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study. Abstract Source: Nutrients. 2018 Sep 4 ;10(9). Epub 2018 Sep 4. PMID: 30181436 Abstract Author(s): Eduardo Cuenca, Pablo Jodra, Alberto Pérez-López, Liliana G González-Rodríguez, Sandro Fernandes da Silva, Pablo Veiga-Herreros, Raúl Domínguez Article Affiliation: Eduardo Cuenca Abstract: As a nitric oxide precursor, beetroot juice (BJ) is known to enhance high-intensity exercise performance (80⁻100% VO) yet its impacts on higher intensity sprint exercise (>100% VO) remain to be established. This study sought to examine the effects of BJ supplementation on performance and subsequent fatigue during an all-out sprint exercise. Using a randomized cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 15 healthy resistance-trained men (22.4± 1.6 years) ingested 70 mL of either BJ or placebo. Three hours later, participants undertook a 30-s all-out Wingate test. Before and after the sprint exercise and at 30 s and 180 s post-exercise, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed and blood lactate samples were obtained. Compared toplacebo, BJ consumption improved peak (placebo vs. BJ, 848 ± 134 vs. 881 ± 135 W;= 0.049) and mean (641± 91 vs. 666 ± 100 W;= 0.023) power output and also reduced the time taken to reach Win the Wingate test (8.9± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 0.9 s;= 0.003). No differences were detected in the fatigue index. In addition, while over time CMJ height and power diminished (ANOVA<0.001) and blood lactate levels increased (ANOVA<0.001), no supplementation effect was observed. Our findings indicate that while BJ supplementation improved performance at the 30-s cycling sprint, this improvement was not accompanied by differences in fatigue during or after this type of exercise. Article Published Date : Sep 03, 2018

Potential of electric bicycles to improve the health of people with Type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study📎

Abstract Title: Potential of electric bicycles to improve the health of people with Type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study. Abstract Source: Diabet Med. 2018 May 8. Epub 2018 May 8. PMID: 29738609 Abstract Author(s): A R Cooper, B Tibbitts, C England, D Procter, A Searle, S J Sebire, E Ranger, A S Page Article Affiliation: A R Cooper Abstract: AIM: To explore in a feasibility study whether 'e-cycling' was acceptable to, and could potentially improve the health of, people with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Twenty people with Type 2 diabetes were recruited and provided with an electric bicycle for 20 weeks. Participants completed a submaximal fitness test at baseline and follow-up to measure predicted maximal aerobic power, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess the acceptability of using an electric bicycle. Participants wore a heart rate monitor and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in the first week of electric bicycle use to measure their heart-rate during e-cycling. RESULTS: Eighteen participants completed the study, cycling a median (interquartile range) of 21.4 (5.5-37.7) km per week. Predicted maximal aerobic power increased by 10.9%. Heart rate during electric bicycle journeys was 74.7% of maximum, compared with 64.3% of maximum when walking. Participants used the electric bicycles for commuting, shopping and recreation, and expressed how the electric bicycle helped them to overcome barriers to active travel/cycling, such as hills. Fourteen participants purchased an electric bicycle on study completion. CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence that e-cycling was acceptable, could increase fitness and elicited a heart rate that may lead to improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors in this population. Electric bicycles have potential as a health-improving intervention in people with Type 2 diabetes. Article Published Date : May 07, 2018
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